Thaum cov khoom khov - qhuav, nws yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv tsim nyog thiab ua ntej - khov ua ntej sublimation ziab. Cov txheej txheem ua ntej - khov tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tsis hloov pauv; tab sis kuj kom tau txais cov qauv tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom khov kom yooj yim rau sublimation ntawm dej; thiab kom muaj tus nqi tsim nyog rau kev thov yav tom ntej.
Feem ntau muaj ob txoj hauv kev los ntim cov khoom: bulk thiab fwj. Tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv cov tais hlau, lub thawv noj su los yog khob iav; ntim rau hauv iav vials thiab ampoules. Lub raj mis iav thiab lub raj mis plasma. Lub raj mis tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab penicillin vials, thiab lwm yam., ampoules kuj muaj xws li tiaj tus - hauv qab ampoules, ntev ampoules thiab round ampoules, thiab lwm yam. Cov no yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab raws li kev siv yav tom ntej ntawm cov khoom, thiab lub raj mis yuav tsum tau nruab. nrog ib tug haum roj hmab stopper.
Table 22 Lub ntsiab lus eutectic ntawm qee yam khoom (degree)
tshuaj eutectic point
0.85 feem pua sodium chloride tov -22
10% sucrose tov -26
40% sucrose tov -33
10% qabzib tov -27
2% gelatin, 10% qabzib tov -32
2% gelatin, 10% sucrose tov -19
10 feem pua sucrose kua, 10 feem pua qabzib tov, 0.85 feem pua sodium chloride tov -36
Yog '- 26
Nees Serum -35
Ntau lub ntim yuav tsum tau ntxuav thiab sterilized ua ntej muab subpackaged.
Cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau khov - qhuav yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov kua ntawm ib tug tej yam concentration. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau qee yam zoo tom qab ziab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj yog qhov zoo ntawm 10 thiab 15 feem pua.
Cov khoom yog dispensed rau hauv lub thawv nrog ib tug tej thaj chaw saum npoo rau thickness ratio. Qhov chaw saum npoo yog loj dua thiab lub thickness me dua. Qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw yog qhov zoo rau sublimation, thiab cov khoom loj thickness tsis haum rau sublimation. Feem ntau, lub thickness ntawm lub ntim yog tsis ntau tshaj 10mm. Qee cov khoom xav tau lub raj mis loj. Thaum lyophilizing ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom, nws muaj peev xwm yuav khov rau hauv lub plhaub los ntawm txoj kev ntawm spin freezing, los yog khov rau hauv ib tug sloped nto los ntawm tilting lub thawv, thiaj li hais tias yuav ua rau kom qhov chaw nto thiab txo lub thickness.
Txoj kev ua ntej-txoj kev khov ntawm cov khoom muaj xws li ua ntej- txoj kev khov rau hauv lub khov- lub thawv kom qhuav thiab ua ntej - txoj kev khov rau sab nraum lub thawv.
Txoj kev ua ntej-txoj kev khov rau hauv lub thawv yog ncaj qha tso cov khoom ntawm ntau- txheej txee rau hauv qhov khov- lub thawv ziab ntawm lub khov- tshuab ziab khaub ncaws, thiab khov nws los ntawm lub freezer ntawm lub freeze- tshuab ziab khaub ncaws. Thaum muaj ntau lub vials thiab ampoules yog lyophilized, txhawm rau pab txhawb kev thauj khoom thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov vials lossis ampoules, cov vials lossis ampoules feem ntau muab faib ua ntau lub tais hlau thiab tom qab ntawd ntim rau hauv lub thawv. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov cua sov hloov mus, qee lub lauj kaub hlau yog ua kom tshem tau, thiab hauv qab yog tshem tawm thaum nkag mus rau hauv lub thawv, kom lub vial ncaj qha rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov hlau phaj ntawm khov - lub thawv kom qhuav; rau cov lauj kaub uas tsis tuaj yeem kos qis, hauv qab ntawm lub lauj kaub yuav tsum tau tiaj tus kom tau txais cov khoom sib xws. poj niam deev. Lub raj mis plasma loj uas siv lub kiv- txoj kev khov yuav tsum tau khov ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd yuav tsum muab cov khib nyiab hlau lossis thaiv rau cov cua sov ua ntej yuav khov.
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los prefreeze sab nraum lub thawv. Qee lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws me me tsis muaj cov khoom siv ua ntej -cov khoom khov. Ua ntej- khov tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog siv lub tub yees txias lossis cawv thiab dej khov qhuav. Lwm qhov yog cua daj cua dub, uas khov cov fwj loj ntawm cov khoom rau hauv lub plhaub - zoo li cov qauv thaum tig. Thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau hauv lub freeze - lub thawv ziab.
There is also a special centrifugal pre-freezing method, which is used in centrifugal freeze dryers. Using the rapid evaporation of liquid under vacuum, it absorbs its own heat and freezes. The centrifugal force of the rotation prevents gas from escaping the product, allowing the product to freeze "quietly" into a certain shape.
Qhov ceev yog feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 800 rpm.
Kev khov yuav muaj qee yam kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlwb thiab cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, thiab cov txheej txheem nyuaj heev. Tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke,
Tab sis nws yog feem ntau ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsuas yog tshwm sim los ntawm mechanical teebmeem thiab solute teebmeem.
Cov txheej txheem khov ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha pib nrog kev khov ntawm cov dej ntshiab, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov dej khov nab kuab maj mam ua rau cov concentration ntawm electrolytes. Qhov no yog ua raws los ntawm solidification ntawm eutectic sib tov. Thaum kawg nws tag nrho tig khov kho.
Mechanical teebmeem yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab quab yuam tsim los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov dej khov muaju hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm tes. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab mob nyob nrog cov cell membranes, cov duab loj dua. Feem ntau, qhov loj ntawm cov dej khov siv lead ua, qhov yooj yim ntawm cov cell membrane yog rupture, ua rau cell tuag; qhov me me ntawm cov dej khov siv lead ua, qhov tsawg dua kev puas tsuaj rau cov cell membrane.
Kev khov qeeb ua rau cov dej khov loj dua, qhov khov khov sai ua rau cov dej khov me me; rau qhov teeb meem ntawd. Kev khov sai sai muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsawg rau cov hlwb. Kev khov qeeb qeeb tuaj yeem ua rau cell tuag.
Cov nyhuv solute yog tias cov kua interstitial yog maj mam concentrated vim qhov khov ntawm dej, yog li ua kom cov concentration ntawm electrolytes, thiab cov protein ntau rhiab heev rau electrolytes. Qhov nce hauv electrolyte concentration ua rau cov protein denaturation thiab cell tuag; Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nce hauv electrolyte concentration ua rau lub cev qhuav dej thiab tuag. Qhov siab dua qhov interstitial kua concentration. Kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov laj thawj saum toj no kuj hnyav dua. Cov nyhuv solute yog feem ntau pronounced nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kub ntau yam. Qhov ntsuas kub no yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw khov dej ntawm cov dej thiab cov dej khov tag nrho ntawm cov kua. Yog tias qhov ntsuas kub no tuaj yeem hla ntawm qhov nrawm dua, cov nyhuv ntawm cov nyhuv solute tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog heev.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov loj ntawm cov crystals tsim thaum lub sij hawm khov kuj zoo heev cuam tshuam rau qhov ziab thiab qhov tawg ntawm cov khoom qhuav. Cov dej khov loj loj yog qhov yooj yim rau sublime, thiab cov dej khov me me tsis haum rau sublimation; tab sis cov dej khov loj loj yaj maj mam, thiab cov dej khov me me yaj sai sai. Qhov me me ntawm cov dej khov siv lead ua, qhov ntau nws qhia txog cov qauv qub ntawm cov khoom tom qab ziab.
Txhawm rau ua kom tiav, yuav tsum muaj qhov ua kom zoo tshaj qhov ntsuas cua txias. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tes, cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev thiab tus nqi tawg. Tau kawg, kev txhim kho qhov ciaj sia taus muaj ntau yam ua nrog kev ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - tus neeg saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias (ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) rau cov khoom. Piv txwv li, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, suab thaj, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj uas tsis tshua muaj kub resistant no pab cov khoom lag luam nthuav dav ntawm qhov pom kev txias kom ntau lub hlwb muaj sia nyob.
Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov cua txias sib txawv. Ntau yam ua ntej- yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev khov; Piv txwv li, qee zaum qhov txias ntawm qhov khov - lub thawv ziab yog pib tom qab ntim khoom, thiab qee zaum lub tshuab yuav tsum tau txo qis kom qis qis ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom muab tso rau hauv khov - ziab lub thawv.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua ntej- khov kuj yog kho cov khoom rau sublimation hauv qab nqus. Yog tsis khov. Thaum lub tshuab nqus tsev, cov khoom yuav tawm hauv lub raj mis yam tsis muaj qhov zoo; yog tias nws txias dhau lawm, nws yuav tsis tsuas nkim lub zog thiab lub sijhawm, tab sis kuj txo cov ciaj sia taus ntawm qee yam khoom.
Yog li ntawd, peb cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej prefreezing. Ib qho yog tus nqi ua ntej- khov, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws khov tus nqi yuav tsum tau kuaj raws li cov khoom sib txawv. Qhov thib ob yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kub ntawm pre- khov, uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab raws li eutectic point ntawm cov khoom. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kub ntawm pre- khov yuav tsum qis dua qhov kub ntawm qhov taw tes eutectic. Qhov thib peb yog lub sijhawm ua ntej - khov, uas yog txiav txim siab raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub tshuab kom ntseeg tau tias tag nrho cov khoom yog khov ua ntej nqus. Nws yuav tsis tawm ntawm lub raj mis vim lub tshuab nqus tsev. Qhov me me qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua txheej ntawm khov- lub thawv ziab thiab ntau qhov chaw ntawm txhua txheej, lub sijhawm luv dua ua ntej - khov. Feem ntau, qhov kub ntawm cov khoom mus txog lub sijhawm ua ntej - khov. Nqus sublimation tuaj yeem pib 1-2 teev tom qab qhov kub qis tshaj plaws.
